Lincoln states that former slaves could enlist in the military--a first for the Civil War. (Black soldiers had served in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.) Before the Emancipation Proclamation, Union Generals John Fremont and David Hunter had issued their own proclamations that allowed emancipated slaves to serve. These proclamations were rejected by more senior generals, however.

After Lincoln’s monumental announcement, slaves in the South reacted to the news of emancipation in a variety of ways. Despite the hope inspired by the Emancipation Proclamation, it was not yet obvious that the North would win the war. Still, many slaves took action. Some rebelled against their masters; others ceased their labor. Some fled North to safety or to join the Union Army. Some slaves were worried about these enormous shifts; it was not certain that they would find security as free citizens, given their lack of education and training. All in all, the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation decidedly favored the North. With large numbers of slaves abandoning their labors and joining the Union efforts, the balance of power leaned further toward the North.

In this paragraph, Lincoln states his plan to enlist freed slaves in the Union Army. This plan would have a twofold effect: the newly freed slaves would receive employment; and the Union Army would receive a much-needed replenishment of soldiers and workers. At the time, the idea of allowing black Americans to serve in the military was unprecedented. This paragraph thus extends the range of rights granted to slaves beyond mere freedom.

With the widespread freeing of Southern slaves, there arose the threat of violent rebellions among slaves. In the wake of the Emancipation Proclamation, some Southerners even accused Lincoln of trying to incite violence. In some cases, these accusations were well founded, and certain slaves did rebel against their owners. However, Lincoln foresaw such violence and attempted to prevent it in this paragraph by “enjoin[ing] upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense.”

The Emancipation Proclamation has become a foundational text—and a foundational moment—in the American Civil Rights movement. It marked the first major victory in the continuing effort to provide equal rights to black Americans. In his seminal “I Have a Dream” speech of 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. began by referring to Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, then in its centennial year. King remarked on the importance of Lincoln’s address, but he emphasized the enormous work left to be done.

In this paragraph, Lincoln lists the specific areas in which emancipation would take effect. The lists consists of the ten Confederate states which had officially seceded from the Union. Because the proclamation functioned as a war measure, however, the list excludes the parishes and counties within those ten states which were loyal to the Union or were occupied by Union troops. Those exceptions were to be left “precisely as if this proclamation were not issued,” which is to say that slavery would continue in those areas for the time being. Also excluded were the four “border” states, which Lincoln hoped to appease. All together, these various exclusions meant that 830,000 of the 4 million slaves in the South would remain slaves.

While the Emancipation Proclamation was issued by unconventional means, slavery was soon fully abolished. The aims of the proclamation—namely the liberation of slaves—was eventually codified by Congress as the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in January of 1865, shortly before the end of the Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation through unconventional means and under unusual circumstances. Lincoln’s intent was to alter the nation’s laws on slavery. One obstacle to such change was slavery’s legality under the US Constitution, whose rulings may only be shaped by acts of Congress. Lincoln’s solution was to issue the proclamation through the powers granted to him as commander in chief during a time of war. Lincoln emphasizes his own authority in issuing the proclamation in order to strengthen its effects.

Lincoln heeded Seward’s appeal to deliver the proclamation after a military victory. The president unveiled the preliminary proclamation shortly after the Union defeated the Confederacy at the Battle of Antietam in September of 1862. This initial proclamation was partly a military move: Lincoln’s intention was to frighten the Confederacy with the looming threat of emancipation. His address offered Confederate states the opportunity to rejoin the Union and thereby avoid the eventual consequences of emancipation.

In July of 1862, Lincoln had completed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation and showed in to his cabinet. William Seward, the secretary of state at the time, thought it wise to refrain from delivering the proclamation until after the Union had scored a decisive victory in battle. Seward felt that the proclamation should be announced from a position of strength rather than weakness, and that it ought to be presented as a genuine stand for American values rather than as a calculated move to assist the Union war effort.

Lincoln opens the Emancipation Proclamation by quoting himself. On September 22nd, 1862, Lincoln delivered a preliminary version of the Emancipation Proclamation, announcing to the Confederacy his intention to free all Southern slaves at the start of 1863. This document, the second and final Emancipation Proclamation, represents the fulfilment of Lincoln’s intentions.

The Emancipation Proclamation arrived after Lincoln and his administration had worked for two years to end slavery, passing a series of legislations which progressed the agenda of abolition. The first tangible steps occurred in August of 1861, when the US Congress—at that point the Union Congress—enacted the Confiscation Act, a law which allowed the Union Army to take any Confederate property that could be of military use. Slaves counted as Confederate property, and so Union soldiers were able to seize slaves from their Southern owners and bring them to Confederate camps, where the slaves were given work. Further laws passed in March and July of 1862 intensified the effects of the Confiscation Act. These laws protected the slaves from the threat of being returned to their former owners and granted them full freedom and the right to serve in the Union Army.

The participle “warranted” refers to an act that has been approved, justified, or sanctioned by a governing body or authority. Lincoln concludes his proclamation by again emphasizing that the Constitution allows him this power. This move not only achieves his aim to emancipate the slaves but also invokes the authority of the US Constitution.

Lincoln has to state specifically that the Executive Government of the United States, with the power of the military, can enforce the freedom granted to the slaves in those states. This proclamation is not enforceable unless it has been authorized by Congress; however, Lincoln uses his power to conduct the military in times of war to enforce his proclamation in the states that are actively rebelling. In stating this, he enforces his proclamation by clarifying the power that he does possess under the Constitution. By leveraging his power as commander in chief, Lincoln was able to free a significant number of slaves and pave the way for the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

The adjective “countervailing” derives from the verb “to countervail,” which means that something is equivalent to another in value or that one force has been balanced against another. Since it modifies the noun “testimony,” Lincoln is stating that without strong evidence against their allegiance to the Union, such states are not considered in rebellion. The inclusion here of the parenthetical phrase “in the absence of strong countervailing testimony” possibly serves as an appeal to particular audience members who would have sought evidence of treason.

The noun “wit” refers to the faculty of the mind, or someone’s ability to think, reason, and understand. The verb form here introduces Lincoln’s previous proclamation in order to inform audiences that they ought to be aware of the context in which the final Emancipation Proclamation will be issued.

Originally, the noun “proclamation” referred to a formal order publically issued by a legal authority. Later, it acquired a more general use, referring to an authoritative declaration. In the United States, presidents frequently make proclamations, which are either ceremonial or substantive. Notably, without the authorization of Congress, a presidential proclamation is not enforceable by law with the exception of war time and the president’s role as commander in chief. These circumstances allowed Lincoln to circumvent Congress and make this proclamation.