Act IV
Before Prospero's cell. |
[Enter Prospero, Ferdinand, and Miranda] |
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[Enter Ariel] |
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[Exit] |
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[Soft music] |
[Enter Iris] |
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[Enter Ariel as Ceres] |
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[Music is heard] |
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[Enter Juno] |
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[They sing] |
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[Juno and Ceres whisper, and send Iris on employment] |
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[Enter certain reapers, properly habited. They join with the nymphs in a graceful dance; towards the end whereof Prospero starts suddenly, and speaks. |
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[To a strange, hollow, and confused noise, the spirits heavily vanish] |
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[Exeunt] |
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[Enter Ariel] |
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[Exit] |
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[Ariel hangs up the apparel. Exeunt Prospero and Ariel] |
[Enter Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo, all wet] |
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[A noise of hunters heard. Enter divers spirits in the shape of dogs and hounds, and hunting them about; Prospero and Ariel setting them on] |
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[Exeunt] |
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— Kayla, Owl Eyes Staff
Prospero’s statement that Caliban is “a born devil” who would be incapable of learning to behave any differently, reflects a common colonialist belief that native populations were inherently “savage” and “uncivilized.” Some Europeans believed that the native peoples could be taught the ways of the “civilized,” and colonizers would thus seek to “civilize” the local populations by forcing their own language, beliefs, and customs on them. Others claimed that non-European populations were naturally inferior and that it was impossible to “civilize” them, as Prospero does. These racist claims were essentially used as justification for enslaving the native populations, and Prospero’s comment echoes this violent ideology.
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— Kayla, Owl Eyes Staff
To “hoodwink” is to conceal or deceive by false appearance. Since Caliban is going to show them to Prospero’s cell, he assures Trinculo that this “prize” will make them forget how smelly they are at the moment.
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— Kayla, Owl Eyes Staff
Venus is the Roman goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. Her son, Cupid, is the god of desire, attraction and affection. The gods and goddesses that Prospero calls upon throughout this scene are all able to bless different aspects of Ferdinand and Miranda’s relationship: prosperity, fertility, love, honor, etc.
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— Kayla, Owl Eyes Staff
“Queen o’th’Sky” refers to Juno, the Roman goddess of the heavens and protector of the state. Juno is said to have looked carefully after the women of Rome. In Greek mythology, Juno’s equivalent if the goddess Hera.
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— Kayla, Owl Eyes Staff
In Roman mythology, Ceres was the god of agriculture and fertility. Prospero has her join in the celebration and bless Miranda and Ferdinand’s union. In Greek mythology, Ceres is known as Demeter.
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— Wesley, Owl Eyes Editor
Prospero’s command for Ariel to make Caliban and the others suffer for their plot reveals the deep extent to which Caliban infuriates Prospero. Considering their relationship and Caliban’s refusal to acknowledge Prospero’s authority, the rage Prospero shows is likely the result of his inability to fully subdue Caliban’s will. If read through a colonial lens, Prospero’s anger at Caliban’s indignation may represent the discord between European colonizers and their colonies.
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— Wesley, Owl Eyes Editor
In addition to demonstrating his power, Prospero orchestrates the play to celebrate Miranda and Ferdinand’s love. When Prospero starts acting strangely after remembering the murder plot, Ferdinand expresses concern. Prospero’s response is an odd way to reassure someone–pointing out that life is transient–so we can read it as applying on a more general and introspective level to the audience instead of to Ferdinand. Since many believe The Tempest to be the last play Shakespeare wrote, the play within a play here has significant meaning, paralleling Shakespeare’s own retirement from the theater. Prospero’s words can then be read as Shakespeare speaking through his character whose words “our little life” and the “insubstantial pageant” present to the audience a sense of humility on the part of the playwright. Of course, Shakespeare’s legacy proved to be more lasting than any other English writer in history, making such claims somewhat ironic.
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— Wesley, Owl Eyes Editor
Ferdinand responds to Prospero’s command by saying how he will respect Prospero’s wishes and that his love for Miranda is so deep that it keeps him from acting out any lustful behavior. The reason why Ferdinand refers to “the ardour of [his] liver” is that in Shakespeare’s time, many organs were associated with emotions. In this case, the liver is the physical home of desire.
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— Wesley, Owl Eyes Editor
Caliban worries that should he and his fellow conspirators be found out, Prospero will transform them into horrible things. The idea of being turned into an ape with a very low forehead, even a villainous one, reveals a belief at the time that physical appearance equated to moral character. Therefore, a large, low, ape-like forehead would have not only been ugly, but it would also have been sign of evil. This belief persisted into the 19th century with the advent of the pseudoscience phrenology, which claimed character could be determined by skull shape. No evidence supports any claims that physical appearance is a manifestation of internal character.
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— Wesley, Owl Eyes Editor
When Prospero tells Ferdinand to be more abstemious (meaning “showing restraint”), he says that Ferdinand should be even more sincere with his oaths and restrained in his behavior until he has properly married Miranda.
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— Jane, Owl Eyes Staff
Prospero’s metaphor refers to the pageant he has produced on the island using his knowledge of magic. He believes that in the end everything will “dissolve” into nothingness. After all, people are the “stuff” or substance that dreams are “made on,” or build of. “Little” suggests that people’s lives are insignificant, and ultimately their lives are “rounded,” or completed, by sleep; these words briefly touch on human mortality.