Act I - Scene I
[Venice] |
Enter Antonio, Salerio, and Solanio. |
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Exeunt Salerio, and Solanio. |
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[Gratiano and Lorenzo exit.] |
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Exeunt. |
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
In claiming that the world is a stage, Antonio highlights the affected nature of his sadness. He is playing the role of melancholy rather than actually feeling melancholic. Gratiano picks up on this hole in Antonio's metaphor and exploits it to insinuate that Antonio is only sad so that he can appear more profound to others. This exchange introduces the theme of playing and perception early on in the play.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Contrary to what he told Salerio and Solanio, all of Antonio's money is bound up in a ship abroad. To pay for Benvolio's trip, Antonio suggests that they take out a loan on his credit.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
"Means" in this context refers to money. Bassanio does not look to charm, honor, or any other skill to woo Portia. Rather, he seeks to win her over by showing off wealth that he does not have. Bassanio's pursuit of Portia seems to be more about another gamble with Antonio's money than a genuine love for the woman.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Notice that all of the descriptions of Portia do not reveal anything about the woman in particular. Bassanio vaguely gestures at her physical appearance, but he spends more time comparing her to figures from mythology than describing her personality or "wondrous virtues." This suggests that Bassanio doesn't really know anything about Portia and is mostly interested in her wealth.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Jason was the son of Aeson and rightful king of Iolcos in Greek mythology. He leads the Argonauts, a band of heroes, in search of the golden fleece, a symbol of authority and kingly rights. Jason finds the fleece with the help of his wife Medea. In this metaphor, Bassanio compares Portia to the golden fleece, a prize pursued by many Jasons.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
The four winds, or Anemoi in Greek mythology, were gods associated with the four cardinal directions and thought to bring the seasons and weather conditions. Boreas was the north wind that brought winter; Zephyrus was the west wind that brought spring and summer; Notos was the south wind that brought late summer and autumn and was responsible for storms; Eurus was the east wind thought to bring rain and unluckiness. Bassanio uses this reference to show how widely known Portia is.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Porcia was the daughter of Roman statesman Cato the Elder and the second wife to Brutus, one of the treacherous statesmen who killed Julius Caesar. Portia was an extremely loyal wife. When Brutus did not tell her about the plot to kill Caesar, for fear that she would reveal the truth if tortured, she inflicted a wound on her leg and endured the pain for a day to prove to her husband that she could keep a secret. Brutus then shared everything with her. She eventually committed suicide when she believed that Brutus had been killed in battle.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Notice that the first thing that we hear about Portia, Bassanio's love interest, is how much money she has inherited. This suggests that unlike Antonio, Bassanio prizes money over love.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
By this Antonio means that Bassanio is wasting time with metaphors because he assumes that there is a limit to Antonio's love for him. This suggests that there is no limit to Antonio's love, a proposition that will be tested throughout this play.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Again, Antonio puts his love for Bassanio above all of his money. Many have suggested that Antonio's die hard dedication to Bassanio suggests either a romantic love for or a paternal dedication to his friend.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Bassanio gives a story from childhood about archery. When he would lose and arrow, he would fire a second in the same direction to watch where it landed so that he could recover both arrows. He uses this example to ask Antonio for another loan, even though he already owes Antonio a lot of money. This request demonstrates that Bassanio is a gambler who believes he can recover any loss. He does not seem to acknowledge the possibility that this scheme could fail.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Notice that Antonio is the first person in the play to place his love for Bassanio above his money. While the other characters seem to exist in a world in which money is the most important value, Antonio demonstrates here that he believes love is more important than money.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
"Unburthen" means to unburden or reveal. Shakespeare uses this literary device to both tell the audience what Bassanio's plan is and show the intimate relationship between Antonio and Bassanio.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Bassanio uses this metaphor to say that he lives a more lavish lifestyle than he can afford so that he can appear wealthier than he is. Here Bassanio reveals himself to be a spendthrift.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
This is a colloquial way of asking, "has Gratiano ever said anything worthwhile?" Antonio speaks this line as soon as all of his friends have left the stage. This suggests that Antonio does not think much of the men who have just left but is particularly good friends with Bassanio.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
"Gear" in this context means chatter. Antonio promises to become a talker after hearing Gratiano's diatribe about silent men posing as wise men. However, Antonio's scathing line after Gratiano exits the stage suggests that this line is said sarcastically.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
A "maid not vendible" is a metaphor for an unmarried woman. With this metaphor, Gratiano turns women into commodities that can be bought and sold. Notice that most of the metaphors up to this point have been concerned with money.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
In this metaphor, Gratiano pokes fun of men who intentionally remain silent and melancholic so that others believe they are profoundly wise. He teases Antonio by making fun of "Sir Oracle," a sage so wise that even dogs listen when he speaks. Notice that none of Antonio's friends seem to take his sadness seriously.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Notice that like Salerio and Salanio, Gratiano interprets Antonio's sadness as coming from a preoccupation with his wealth and fortune. This highlights the extreme value of money among Antonio's friends.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
"Strange" here means distant. Notice again that Salerio and Salanio place their business ventures above their friends in order of importance. This underscores the importance of money within the play.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
"Kinsman" in this context means close friend instead of family member.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
"Vinegar aspect" here refers to someone with a sour disposition. Salanio breaks the world into two types of people: fools who laugh at anything, and dour people who laugh at nothing.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Janus is a Roman god with two faces who commanded entrances. One face looks forward while the other looks backwards. Here he functions as a symbol of beginnings and endings.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Antonio dismisses the claim that he might be in love instantly. Notice that their first proposal, that Antonio is sad about his investments, is explained over multiple lines while Antonio immediately cuts off the possibility that his sadness could be caused by feelings. While in most comedies love is more important than money or social rank, here money seems more important than love.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Spices and silks from Asia became important commodities in the Medieval and Renaissance eras. Coming into Europe primarily via the silk road, spices and silks stimulated economic growth in major port cities such as Venice. Salerio mentions spices and silks to tell the audience what Antonio's ships are carrying and characterize him as someone who profits off of trade with Asia.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Notice that the ship is called a "her" and given the action of "kissing" the ground. This personification shows how important the ship is to these men; it is almost human.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Here Salerio describes a ship wreck. The ship is "docked in sand" meaning it has run onto the shore and its "high top," or tall mast, has fallen lower than its "ribs", or its side.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
By "wind", Salerio means his breath used to blow cool air onto hot soup. He compares his breath to wind at sea which might cause a storm and destroy his boat. Notice that Salerio equates his breath, that which sustains his life, with his investments. Salerio and Solanio's understanding of Antonio's melancholy demonstrate the extreme importance of money to these principal characters.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Here, Salerio implies as classed system in which Antonio's stately ships are better than all of the poor merchants's ships. He compares the natural bobbing of ships in the sea to peasants "curtsying" to their lord to show reverence. In this metaphor, the poor merchants's ships curtsy to Antonio's ship because Antonio is a richer, higher class merchant. This imagination of Antonio's ships classifies him and his friends as members of the upper class.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
"Portly" is an adjective used to describe people which means both plump and dignified. Salerio uses this adjective to show that the sails are full of wind. But the adjective also personifies the sails to equate them with a fat, rich, distinguished man.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Solanio highlights the importance of money at the beginning of this play. He believes that Antonio's sadness comes from his preoccupation with wealth and believes that one's "ventures," monetary investments, are directly connected to one's emotions.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
This means that he would be tossing grass pieces into the air to see which direction the wind is blowing. This also metaphorically references fortune or luck. "Wind" can represent some one's fortune, good or bad, depending on which way it blows.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Antonio is a wealthy merchant which means that his money is in the products aboard ships out on the ocean. Because ships were prone to sinking, Antonio would have reason to worry about his investments. Salerio tells Antonio that his sadness comes from being preoccupied with material items; he equates emotions with money.