Act I - Scene II
[Belmont] |
Enter Portia with her waiting woman Nerissa. |
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Exeunt. |
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Portia's repetition in this line shows her recognition of the name and interest in Bassanio. She does not only remember him but emphatically remembers him.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Diana is the Roman goddess of the hunt and chastity. She never took a lover or a husband to preserve her autonomy.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Sibylla, or the Cumean Sybil, was a prophetess who asked Apollo for eternal life. Apollo granted her as many years of life as the grains of sand that she could hold in her hand. However, Apollo did not give her eternal youth. Over a thousand years, Sybil grew more decrepit and small until nothing was left of her but her voice.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
"Sponge" refers to someone who drinks a lot of alcohol. Portia's joke, that she could get her suitors to pick the wrong casket by putting a wine bottle on top of one of the caskets shows that Portia believes her suitors are much less intelligent then she is.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Nerissa brings the humorous diatribe against Portia's suitors to an end by reminding Portia of her filial obligation to marry whoever passes her father's test. In this way, Shakespeare reminds the audience of Portia's problem and returns to the main action of the play.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
The "young German" is based on John Casimir, the Duke of Saxony's actual nephew during Shakespeare's time. Casimir was known infamously throughout Europe as the leader of soldiers who were often drunk and partied excessively. Shakespeare probably intended to make a joke out of this well known figure by making the "young German" a vile drunkard.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Because France and England were rivals, France would often financially support Scotland in its efforts against England. This is another way in which Shakespeare uses the description of the suitors to make fun of France and Scotland, two of England's political rivals.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
After Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church tensions between Catholic Scotland and Protestant England became incredibly high. Scotland refused to join England's religious movement and England launched a series of raids and attacks on its neighboring country. "Box of the ear" means to punch someone in the side of the head. Here, Shakespeare uses the term to refer to English attacks on Scotland, and Scotland's inability to "repay" the hit on England's much larger military force.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
A "dumb show" is a series of gestures and facial expressions used to communicate without speaking. It was a pantomime technique generally used for comedic effect in Early Modern theaters. Because Portia and the English suitor cannot communicate, Shakespeare is able to avoid making fun of England with the same stereotypes that have characterized suitors from other nations.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Notice that in Portia's denunciation of her suitors, Shakespeare is able to poke fun at other nations using their stereotypes. Since national identification was extremely important during Shakespeare's time, these descriptions would have been extremely funny to Shakespeare's audience. Consequently, Portia would appear more likable for her ability to make the audience laugh.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
This means that the French Lord begins dancing every time he hears music playing. The French Lord tries to outdo everyone else to the point of being obnoxious.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
A "death's head" was a colloquial term for a skull in Shakespeare's time. It could also mean a prostitute, philanderer, or person of otherwise improper sexual conduct.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Portia infers that the Prince's mother cheated on his father with a blacksmith since this is the only explanation for the Prince's obsession with horses and shoeing horses. Portia's crude humor and wit here would make her funny and appealing to both the low and high members of Shakespeare's audience. This introduction to Portia suggests that the audience should like her.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
A colt is a young horse. This is a description that doubles as an insult since a colt would be a silly and inexperienced young person. This adjective also refers to the Prince's obsession with his horse.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Notice that Shakespeare tells the audience about the test Portia's father created using Nerissa's lines. Portia would not need this information to be repeated. The test asks suitors to pick one cask out of three: iron, silver, and gold. The suitor who picks the right cask will be deserving of Portia's hand in marriage.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
While Antonio does not seem to have a reason to be upset, Portia has an identifiable issue to grapple with: she is unable to choose her future husband because of stipulations laid out in her father's will. Portia's desire to choose her own destiny characterizes her as a sympathetic character and foreshadows her sovereignty within the play.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Nerissa claims that those who have a lot often grow older faster than those who have little. Though the characters in the first half of the play value money above all else, here Nerissa offers an alternative theme: excess is corrupting and moderation is liberating.
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— Caitlin, Owl Eyes Staff
Notice that Portia and Antonio begin on the same melancholic note: Antonio is sad for an unknown reason, Portia is weary for an unknown reason.